On the iOS Store, Speedtest has gained some popularity, earning a 4.1/5 rating. It helps users determine whether it’s worth downloading or not. App Store ratings give a good idea about the application. App Store Ratingīefore we dig deeper into what Speedtest VPN is capable of, we have to mention what users went through while using the service. The settings section has nothing to do with the VPN service, only a help section that redirected us to their official website.įinally, one of the main issues of both the Free and Premium versions is that a user is only allowed to use Speedtest VPN on one device simultaneously with the same account. The design is very simple and lacks every single feature a VPN should provide. It took almost 10+ seconds to connect, and it’s a nearby server. While this isn’t the slowest VPN to establish a connection we’ve encountered, it’s still too slow. Take a look:Ĭonnecting to a server took quite some time. It’s too basic and lacks every single feature a VPN should have. We tried the Android version, and to be honest, we weren’t that satisfied. The simplicity of Speedtest VPN is one of the main problems we faced during our tests. Sometimes less is good, but in this case, it’s definitely not. In fact, it’s too easy nothing extra special about it can be found. That means that you will not be able to configure a VPN connection on your router or any other device, for that matter.Īlso, Ookla states how easy it is to use the VPN feature on their application. The option to manually set up your VPN connection is also not available for Speedtest VPN subscribers. However, Speedtest decided to add this VPN as a feature within its already existing mobile client.īefore we head over to see what the app looks like, we have to note that Speedtest has no clients that include the VPN service on desktop devices. This section will give our readers a quick look at Ookla’s VPN service and shed some light on what advantages and disadvantages this provider has to offer:įor a new service, one would hope to get a standalone application for its Virtual Private Network. ![]() With little to no special features to cover, Speedtest VPN proved to have more cons than pros. ![]() The question is: Does it really do that? Does Speedtest VPN have what it takes to compete in this industry? We used our strict evaluation criteria to assess everything Speedtest VPN has to offer. Now, the company has added a free VPN option within the app to give its customers the chance to surf the web anonymously. ![]() Ookla Speedtest apps are very popular among mobile users. Ookla’s SpeedtestVPN Review – Content Index
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![]() The periods are different when a league runs throughout a single calendar year, as in most Nordic countries due to weather constraints, Major League Soccer due to both weather and competition from other locally popular sports (notably basketball and American football), or as the traditional season in the Southern Hemisphere. May), resulting in a close season window in the summer ending in August, and a mid-season window in January. August or September) and stretch over two calendar years to the first half of the next year (e.g. Most major European leagues commence in the second half of the year (e.g. The specific periods depend on the league's season cycle and are determined by the national football authorities. twelve weeks) in the break between seasons and a shorter one (max. ( February 2023)įIFA regulates in general that there shall be two windows, a longer one (max. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. However, the exact regulations and possible exceptions are established by each competition's governing body rather than by the national football association. English football was initially behind the plans when they were proposed in the early 1990s, in the hope that it would improve teams' stability and prevent agents from searching for deals all year around, but by the time it was eventually introduced they had to be persuaded that it would work. The system has been used in many European leagues before being brought into compulsory effect by FIFA during the 2002–03 season. The window was introduced in response to negotiations with the European Commission. The transfer window of the association that the player is leaving does not have to be open. International transfers out of an association are always possible to those associations that have an open window. The transfer window of a given football association governs only international transfers into that football association. The second registration period occurs during the season and may not exceed four weeks. According to the rules, each national football association decides on the time (such as the dates) of the 'window' but it may not exceed 12 weeks. "Transfer window" is the unofficial term commonly used by the media for the concept of "registration period" as described in the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players. Such a transfer is completed by registering the player into the new club through FIFA. For the NCAA transfer windows introduced in 2022, see NCAA transfer portal § Transfer windows.Ī transfer window is the period during the year in which a football club can transfer players from other playing staff into their playing staff. For the windows for transferring spacecraft between celestial bodies, see Interplanetary spaceflight. ![]() Recap all the latest United news with our blog updates below.This article is about the windows for transferring players in association football. Today's big talking point: Has Luke Shaw's form this season done Erik ten Hag a favour in the transfer window this summer? Have your say here. ![]() There is also the question of the ongoing sale of United by the Glazer family, with Sir Jim Ratcliffe and Sheikh Jassim bin Hamad al Thani lodging bids - we'll bring you any updates on any of these subjects in today's live blog. Eddie Howe's men host relegation-threatened Leicester City on Thursday when United host Chelsea, who have had a dismal season and will finish in the bottom half of the table.Īhead of the encounter at Old Trafford, it remains to be seen if top scorer Marcus Rashford will be fit to feature against the Stamford Bridge outift. Ten Hag's side are level on points with Newcastle United, but the Magpies are ahead of United on goal difference. United know that a point from one of their final two encounters of the top flight season will secure a place back in the Champions League. The game in hand United have will be at Old Trafford on Thursday evening when they take on Chelsea. United also have a game in hand over their rivals. The win, combined with fifth placed Liverpool only drawing at Anfield against Aston Villa, means United are now three points clear of Jurgen Klopp's outfit. And they ended up taking a big step thanks to Casemiro's overhead kick in the first half which sealed a 1-0 triumph. United travelled to the Vitality Stadium for their last away day of the campaign as Erik ten Hag's outfit remain in the fight to secure a place in Europe's top club competition. Manchester United took a step towards securing qualification for next season's Champions League with victory over Bournemouth. ![]() Table Lamps | Bedside & Living Room Lamps | Ethan Allen. This practice allows computer and network users to … Cryptography skills will allow ethical hackers to design protocols and enable the conversion of normal text into nonreadable text. In DAILY you get Breaking News, Features, Analysis with an impartial perspective. We Offer Latest, trusted and high quality content regarding Tigray, Ethiopia and horn Africa (Sudan, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti and Egypt ). Ethika Mens Staple underwear arcade pac man printing sports hip hop rock excise boxers skateboard street fashion streched legging DHL LY213 US $9.14 - 10.78/ Piece Free shipping lily1015 (100.0%) ![]() Wholesale Cheap Ethika Boxers - Buy in Bulk on. For non-gateway eeros (secondary nodes), you can plug a switch into either port. For most users, this means you will have a modem connected to your gateway eero, and then a switch connected to the other available port on your eero. When adding an Ethernet switch, make sure it is placed after your eero in your network's topology. How do I add more Ethernet ports? – eero Help Center. 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We are currently seeking qualified candidates for the position of Finance and Admin Officer Position – Finance and Administration Officer Qualification: BA in Accounting, Finance or other relevant field or equivalent combination of education and work experience.Ī: Ethika Men Underwear Pack. FHI 360 serves more than 70 countries and all U.S. FHI 360 Ethiopia - All jobs in one place. ![]() ![]() By physically stealing your device, attackers could have unrestricted access to all of its data, as well as any connected cloud accounts. Not all attackers rely on gaining access to your data via wireless means. For smaller devices, such as phones, be cognizant of your surroundings while viewing sensitive information or entering passwords. Screen protectors that prevent shoulder-surfers from seeing your device screen can be purchased for little money. By simply watching you, they can steal sensitive or personal information. In public areas malicious actors can simply glance over your shoulder as you type. This will help prevent an unknown attacker from accessing your device’s files. When not needed, ensure that file sharing is disabled. Only allow sharing on recognized home networks and only while it is necessary to share items. Ensure that when you connect your devices to public networks, you deny sharing files and folders. Unauthorized Computer AccessĪn unsecured public wireless network combined with unsecured file sharing could allow a malicious user to access any directories and files you have unintentionally made available for sharing. Ensure that all the access points you connect to use at least WPA2 encryption. Because your connection is being transmitted “in the clear,” malicious actors could use sniffing tools to obtain sensitive information such as passwords or credit card numbers. ![]() This can put your sensitive communications or transactions at risk. Many public access points are not secured and the traffic they carry is not encrypted. This will ensure you are connecting to a trusted access point. Always confirm the name and password of a public Wi-Fi hotspot prior to use. This data may include credit card numbers, username and password combinations, and other personal information. Because the victim is connecting to the internet through the attacker’s system, it’s easy for the attacker to use specialized tools to read any data the victim sends over the internet. The adversary uses a broadcast signal stronger than the one generated by the legitimate access point then, unsuspecting users connect using the stronger signal. In an evil twin attack, an adversary gathers information about a public network access point, then sets up their system to impersonate it. This practice is known as “wardriving.” Evil Twin Attacks Savvy computer users know this, and some have made a hobby out of driving through cities and neighborhoods with a wireless-equipped computer-sometimes with a powerful antenna-searching for unsecured wireless networks. The broadcast range of a wireless access point can make internet connections available outside your home, even as far away as your street. Wardriving is a specific kind of piggybacking. These users may be able to conduct illegal activity, monitor and capture your web traffic, or steal personal files. So, if your neighborhood is closely settled, or if you live in an apartment or condominium, failure to secure your wireless network could open your internet connection to many unintended users. Outdoors, this range may extend as far as 1,000 feet. The typical indoor broadcast range of an access point is 150–300 feet. If you fail to secure your wireless network, anyone with a wireless-enabled computer in range of your access point can use your connection. Whether it’s a home or business network, the risks to an unsecured wireless network are the same. What are the risks to your wireless network? Taking a few precautions in the configuration and use of your devices can help prevent this type of activity. Internet-connected devices may be used by nefarious entities to collect personal information, steal identities, compromise financial data, and silently listen to-or watch-users. With the number of these devices on the rise, it is important to implement a security strategy to minimize their potential for exploitation (see Securing the Internet of Things). In today’s connected world, almost everyone has at least one internet-connected device. ![]() ![]() It was a long-awaited event that finally happened in 2019 when IF announced integration with the most popular hardware wallet (not online wallet) on the market – Ledger. We will first start with the safest option, cold storage. There are a couple of IOTA supporting wallets that tick some/all of the boxes listed above. Other important things to consider when picking your cryptocurrency wallet include how easy to use is the wallet, what platform you wish to use it on (do you want to have a desktop, mobile, hardware, or paper wallet), does it offer some additional security options (like 2FA or password-encrypted private keys) and what the wallet creator’s dedication to development/track record with customer support is like. Have a look at the current IOTA price or IOTA price prediction for 2019 & 2020. Any centralized issue with the exchange could result in you losing your entire bag. Storing cryptocurrency on an exchange is an ok way of keeping it safe, but, in this case, your wallet’s private key is controlled by the exchange itself. It is also absolutely recommended to use a wallet that lets you keep control of your private keys. Sending cryptocurrency to an unsupported wallet will result in you losing your funds, so be careful when imputing the receiving address. To store IOTA, you’ll want to use a wallet that is, of course, able to store it. How to transfer IOTA from Ledger Nano S to Ledger Nano X?Ībout storing IOTA… Where to store IOTA coins?. ![]() About storing IOTA… Where to store IOTA coins?.But we aren’t here to dive deep into the tiniest iotas of information about this cryptocurrency we are here to talk about the best ways of storing your IOTAs. Some see it as the future of the upcoming Internet of Things, promising to deliver unmatched scalability, decentralization, and adaptability thanks to its unique DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) blockchain replacement called “The Tangle”.īlockchainmaximalists will tell you that IOTA’s different approach to verifying transactions simply won’t work, as the system is ultimately too centralized and unable to scale better than other cryptocurrencies. IOTA is a cryptocurrency that turned many a head in the past for various reasons. This problem troubles holders of every cryptocurrency on the market, including IOTA. Whether you’re trading your coins daily or holding them for the next 5-10 years, you need to know that your funds are kept in a safe wallet that cannot be accessed without your authorization. Storing cryptocurrency is an important part of any crypto enthusiast’s experience. ![]() I was equally impressed with its 24/7 live chat and email service - the responses were fast and helpful. However, my team and I don’t condone illegal torrenting, so check the regulations in your country and avoid torrenting copyrighted materials.ĮxpressVPN supports a wide range of platforms with native apps, making it easy to customize and configure your settings. I downloaded a 40 GB file in just over an hour, and the connection remained steady. It also optimizes all its servers for P2P file-sharing, so if you enjoy torrenting, you won’t have to waste time searching for a good server. I could play high-intensity games online without experiencing any lag on ExpressVPN’s servers. I found that ExpressVPN’s servers reliably access Netflix US, Disney+, Hulu, and other location-restricted streaming platforms. With over 3,000 servers in 94 countries, ExpressVPN is ideal for browsing, streaming, torrenting, and online gaming from anywhere. Scroll to find your VPN app and select it.ĮxpressVPN’s servers are ideal for streaming Netflix in UHD.Go to Settings > General > iPhone Storage.Here’s how to clear a VPN’s cache on mobile: Clear VPN App’s Cache on Android Cached data can slow your device and even stop your VPN from updating. If you still have connection issues and your VPN won’t launch, try clearing its app cache. It’ll also keep your software running at the highest security level, as updates may include patches for vulnerabilities. Keeping your VPN client up-to-date will help you avoid software crashes and connection problems. However, if you click “Ask Me Again Later” and forget to update your app, you could miss critical fixes in the newer version. VPN apps automatically prompt you when software upgrades are available. Tap Battery, then select Battery from the sidebar.From your Launchpad, go to System Preferences.From the drop-down labeled “Turn battery saver on automatically,” select Never.Click the battery icon in the taskbar and select Battery settings.Select Background App Refresh and set it to Wi-Fi & Mobile Data.Go back to Settings and select General.Tap on your VPN app and select Not Optimized. ![]() Select All Apps from the drop-down menu.Select Special app access and tap Battery optimization.You’ll usually find them under Battery or Advanced settings. To disable your battery saver go to your device’s battery settings. Battery optimization conserves power on your device, but can negatively affect VPN performance since it cuts off most CPU-intensive apps. As a result, they use considerable CPU power and are often the first software your battery saver freezes. VPNs need to maintain an active connection with servers to work effectively. Select Reset Network Settings and confirm.Click Transfer or Reset iPhone, then tap Reset.Restart your device to refresh your internet connection.Select Reset Wi-Fi, Mobile & Bluetooth.(for Samsung users, tap General Management) If nothing else works, resetting your network settings on mobile might help your VPN connect properly. CyberGhost has a password manager add-on (PassCamp), that’ll protect your passwords and help you keep track of your online accounts. To avoid accidental mistypes, get a VPN with a password manager. If you’re sure the details are correct, try resetting your password and attempt to connect again to see if that works. Sometimes the solution you’re looking for is easy - you might’ve accidentally mistyped your username or password. Best Parental Control for iPhone & iPad.IPVanish VPN vs Private Internet Access. ![]() Game servers will attempt STUN-like udp hole punching to allow clients to connect even when no ports are mapped. Game servers, both in client and standalone, support UPnP (on Windows only) to map their port. * Networking has been made much more robust: * The in-game server browser now works again for v74 multiplayer games. ![]() The UI will now upscale to the largest resolution possible (3x scaling on a 4k monitor). * When in full-screen, Neverwinter Nights: Enhanced Edition will automatically use your desktop resolution. * Both the main game and the standalone-server should now run on macOS (OS X) 10.9 Mavericks or later. * For nwmain, we now link against a different set of libraries for audio and movies. * Launching executables with the command-line option -userDirectory alternative_directory will use alternative_directory instead of the one specified. ~/.local/share/Neverwinter Nights (Linux) The game uses an install directory (read-only), and a user directoryįor your content and save-games that is independent of the install directory. ![]() Neverwinter Nights: Enhanced Edition is installable through the Beamdog Client and Steam WARNING! AS OF THIS PATCH, ALL MODULES CREATED/SAVED WITH THE VERSION 74 TOOLSET ARE TAGGED AS REQUIRING VERSION 74 OR HIGHER OF NEVERWINTER NIGHTS GAME OR TOOLSET. Neverwinter Nights: Enhanced Edition (v74) There's also a bundle of bugfixes and quality of life stuff for players and module creators For me the biggest improvement is that Beamdog is hosting the servers that were shut down years ago, meaning that the community can once again host their persistent worlds and be seen without needing external help. ![]() ![]() Louis L’Amour, the successful author of more than 100 western novels with more than 200 million copies in print received 350 rejections before he made his first sale. Today his poems have been published in twenty-two languages, AND he won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four times. He was thirty-nine years old before he sold a single volume of poetry. Robert Frost, one of the greatest poets that America has produced, labored for twenty years without fame or success. Learn 6 steps to achieve ANY goal during my webinar. If he had given up after 200 rejections, there’d be no Starbucks. When Howard Schultz was raising money to start Starbucks, Charles Schultz, the founder of Starbucks, was turned down 217 times. He now has an estimated net worth of $800 million. And in 2011 Perry was named Forbes’ highest paid man in entertainment, having earned 130 million dollars that year. He’s since gone on to have an extremely successful career as a director, writer, and actor. Six years later, Perry finally broke through when, on its seventh run, the show became a success. He kept up with the production, working more odd jobs and often slept in his car to get by. Perry put all his savings into the show, and it failed miserably the run lasted just one weekend and only 30 people came to watch. In 1992 actor, playwright and filmmaker Tyler Perry wrote, produced, and starred in his first theater production, I Know I’ve Been Changed, which was somewhat informed by his difficult upbringing. And yet he went on to write and direct 54 films, for which he won 4 Academy Awards. He also failed English at New York University. Woody AllenĪcademy Award-winning writer, producer and director Woody Allen flunked motion picture production at New York University and the City College of New York. It went on to be one of the largest grossing movies in film history, and created a series of 10 films that have won a total of 7 academy awards and 9.2 billion dollars in revenue. The movie Star Wars was rejected by every movie studio in Hollywood before 20 th Century Fox finally produced it. More than 60 million copies of his books are now in print. And that is why I succeed.”įifteen publishers and thirty agents turned down John Grisham’s first novel, A Time to Kill. I have failed over and over and over again in my life. On 26 occasions I have been entrusted to take the gam winning shot, and I have missed. He once said, “I have missed over 9,000 shots in my career. Michael Jordanīasketball superstar Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team. Now he owns the street corners he used to fight on and has written and published 10 books, including Mrs. A friend stayed up with him all night and read him a copy of Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill. ![]() Daniel, you’re no good, you’re a bad apple and you’re never going to amount to anything.” Peter was totally illiterate until he was 26. Daniels was in the fourth grade, his teacher, Mrs. It became a runaway bestseller, and then spawned a blockbuster movie and a highly successful television series. Richard Hooker worked for seven years on his humorous war novel, M*A*S*H, only to have it rejected by twenty-one publishers before Morrow decided to publish it. And all of his children’s books went on to sell a total of more than 100 million copies. The twenty-eighth publisher, Vanguard Press, sold six million copies of the book. Seuss’ first children’s book, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, was rejected by twenty-seven publishers. But he tried one more time, was accepted, and marched into the history books. When he applied for admission to West Point, he was turned down, not once but twice. General Douglas MacArthurĪnother person who was rejected by the school of his choice was the famous World War II general-General Douglas MacArthur, who might never have gained power and fame without being persistent. After directing and producing such blockbuster hits as Jaws, Raiders of the Lost Ark, E.T., Jurassic Park, The Color Purple, Saving Private Ryan, and Lincoln, he now sits on the Board of Directors of the USC film school, and donates a million dollars a year to the school. Steven Spielberg was rejected three times when he applied to the USC School of Theater, Film and Television. ![]() Have you been there, done that? If so, you probably have all the tips and tricks to make a home baby proof! This is a huge concern of new parents so they’re looking for someone like you to help them get prepared for their new family addition! If you consider yourself organized and good at throwing things away, add Spring Cleaning to your list of tasks. Or, you can hire someone to do it for you! There are a lot of people looking for some help with cleaning and organizing the house this time of year. You are reading “2021 Best Side Hustles for the Average Joe” Back to Top It’s that Spring Cleaning Time of the YearĪs the weather begins to change and pollen fills the air, it’s time to pull out those cleaning supplies and get to work. Make sure you have a reliable car if you’re thinking of adding ‘errands running’ to your list of Tasks. If you do a good job, you might even get a tip on top of the base fee! ![]() And, users will, of course, pay you for whatever the cost is of those errands. Some of these errands may include dropping off dry cleaning, mailing a package, returning an item to a store, or picking up a to-go order. Well, there are a lot of people looking for help with these errands for a couple of hours here and there. Then you have to carve time out of your busy schedule to do them. Think about all the menial tasks that build up in your schedule each week. If someone is looking for completion of a task that’s not already listed, they might ask for help running errands. You are reading “2021 Best Side Hustles for Working Professionals” Back to Top Run Errands I don’t know about you, but I have a bunch of other things I’d rather do than wait in a line for 2 hours. Now your first thought might be, who would actually pay you to wait in a line for them? Well, think about the day before Thanksgiving when everyone and their mom is waiting in line for Honeybaked Hams? Or, BTS is coming to town and there are 1,000’s of young screaming girls waiting in line to get their autograph. I just had to add this one as it’s too random not to include! Yes, there is actually a Task option on TaskRabbit to wait in lines for other people. If you’ve got an eye for holiday decor and are looking to get into the holiday spirit early this year, consider including this task on your offerings list. Surprisingly, there’s a decent amount of people looking for help with holiday decorating, Christmas light hanging, gift wrapping, and Christmas tree removal. You are reading “2021 Best Side Hustles for Working Moms” Back to Top Holiday Assistance You are reading “20 Best Side Hustles 2021 with TaskRabbit” Back to Top I’m going to share 10 of the most popular tasks you can offer in TaskRabbit to get you on your way of make a lot of moola! So, are you ready to start making some extra $$$ through one of these easy side hustle ideas? Then continue reading on! RECAP: 20 Best Side Hustles 2021 with TaskRabbitīest Side Hustles in 2021 for the Average Joe.It’s that Spring Cleaning Time of the Year.Best Side Hustles in 2021 for the Average Joe.So, now is the time to get started! If you’ve got some extra time on your hands or are just looking for easy side hustle ideas, sign up to be a Tasker on TaskRabbit. Your honesty, reliability, and glowing reviews will give you all the credibility you need! TaskRabbit Easy Side Hustle IdeasĪ lot of people are already using TaskRabbit to find help, but there’s definitely a shortage of Taskers providing help. These everyday tasks include grocery shopping, laundry, lawn mowing, and hundreds of others that you’re probably already doing and excelling at! So why not make some extra cash for doing them? Best Side Hustles 2021 with TaskRabbitĪnd the best part of TaskRabbit is that you don’t need a fancy degree to gain credibility or find new clients. Looking for the best side hustles in 2021 to many some extra cash? If so, I got you! If you’ve never heard of TaskRabbit, go sign up for a Tasker account right now! It’s a same-day service platform where individuals will outsource their everyday tasks to you so they can free up time in their busy schedules to focus on other priorities. ![]() However, the Wechsler maximal span is also problematic for two reasons. ![]() The Wechsler maximal span, the longest digit sequence accurately reported in WMS-III testing, is also often included in clinical reports. However, subsequent studies have found different FS and BS abnormalities in various clinical populations ( Carlesimo, Fadda, Lorusso, & Caltagirone, 1994 Kramer et al., 2003). Historically, these scores were combined to reduce the relative impact of digit span testing on overall IQ measures ( Ramsay & Reynolds, 1995). In addition, the total correct score typically combines performance scores for FS and BS. ![]() For example, the average Wechsler total correct score for patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease shows mean z-score differences of only −0.22 for FS and −0.44 for BS ( Wilde et al., 2004), indicating that the typical patient with mild Alzheimer’s disease is poorly discriminated from age-matched control subjects. The high variance reduces sensitivity to clinical abnormalities. This inflates standard deviations, as reflected in high coefficients of variation (COV, the standard deviation divided by the mean) that is reportedly 23.4% for FS and 36.4% for BS ( Wilde, Strauss, & Tulsky, 2004). Second, because different subjects receive different numbers of trials, the variance of the total correct metric is high relative to its mean, and is highly skewed. For example, a subject with variable performance who misses one trial in FS testing at lengths of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 will have the same total correct score as another subject who accurately reports all trials at lengths 3, 4, and 5, but who fails twice at list length 6. First, it conflates inconsistent performance with limits in maximal DS. In addition, the standard Wechsler total correct metric of DS performance is problematic for two reasons. However, it may seriously underestimate the ML of subjects who are distracted or who encounter idiosyncratically difficult digit strings (e.g., permutations of their telephone area code) at a particular length. This procedure assumes that the subject’s “true” maximum length (ML) span can be assessed by only four list presentations: two at the ML and two above. A second, more serious problem relates to the suboptimal sampling of list lengths that bound the subjects’ maximal DS: testing ceases as soon as the subject misses two lists of the same length. This procedure is relatively inefficient for subjects with normal memory spans (e.g., 7 digits in FS) because eight trials are delivered before the subject reaches list lengths that challenge memory capacity. First, WMS-III testing involves the presentation of two digit lists at each span length, beginning with three digits in FS testing and two digits in BS testing. There are also two problems in the methods used by the Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) ( Wechsler, 1997b) to sample digit list lengths. ![]() Certain digit sequences (e.g., the local telephone area code) may inflate digit span in geographic regions where particular digit sequences are overlearned and underestimate span where digit sequences conflict with previously overlearned strings (e.g., the digit sequence “415” in a region where the local telephone area code is “451”). In addition, the digits in each list are not selected randomly. First, because each list is read aloud by an examiner there are variations in the rate, intensity, emphasis and clarity of digit enunciations on each presentation as well as variations in clarity between different examiners ( Reeves, Schmauder, & Morris, 2000 Silverman, 2007). In traditional DS testing digit salience is influenced by two factors. The total number of lists reported correctly is combined across forward span (FS) and backward span (BS) to produce a Wechsler total correct score. Testing ceases when the subject fails to accurately report either trial at one sequence length or when the maximal list length is reached (9 digits forward, 8 backward). Digit sequences are presented beginning with a length of two digits and two trials are presented at each increasing list length. In each case, digit span is measured for forward and reverse-order (backward) recall of digit sequences. For decades they have been a component of the widely used Wechsler memory scales (WMS) and Wechsler intelligence scales for adults and children ( Wechsler, 1997a, 1997b). Measures of forward and backward digit span (DS) are among the oldest and most widely used neuropsychological tests of short-term verbal memory ( Richardson, 2007). |